Diagnosing lung cancer typically involves a combination of medical history review, physical examination, and various diagnostic tests. The specific tests a patient undergoes can depend on factors such as symptoms, risk factors, and the results of initial screenings. Here are some common lung cancer diagnostic tests:

Imaging Tests:

Chest X-ray: This is often the first imaging test performed to identify abnormalities in the lungs.
Computed Tomography

(CT) Scan: CT scans provide detailed cross-sectional images of the chest and are more sensitive than X-rays in detecting lung abnormalities.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Though less commonly used than CT scans, MRIs can also provide detailed images of the chest.

Sputum Cytology: Examination of coughed-up mucus (sputum) under a microscope to check for cancer cells.

Bronchoscopy: A thin, flexible tube with a camera (bronchoscope) is inserted through the nose or mouth into the lungs to view the airways and collect tissue samples (biopsy).

Needle Biopsy: This involves using a thin, hollow needle to remove a small sample of tissue from the lung for examination. Types of needle biopsy include fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy.

Thoracentesis: Removal of fluid from the pleural space (the space between the lung and the chest wall) using a needle. The fluid is then examined for cancer cells.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan: A PET scan can help determine the extent of cancer by detecting areas of increased glucose metabolism, which may indicate cancer.

Bone Scan: This test can help determine if cancer has spread to the bones. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into the bloodstream, and a scanner is used to detect areas of increased radioactivity.

Molecular Testing: This involves analyzing the cancer cells for specific genetic mutations or biomarkers that can guide treatment decisions, such as targeted therapies.

Blood Tests: Blood tests may be conducted to assess overall health and detect certain markers associated with lung cancer.

Lung Function Tests: These tests measure how well the lungs are functioning and can help assess the impact of cancer on respiratory function.

It's important to note that the specific diagnostic pathway may vary for each individual based on their unique circumstances. Diagnosis is often a collaborative effort between healthcare professionals, including pulmonologists, oncologists, radiologists, and pathologists. Early detection and accurate diagnosis are crucial for developing an effective treatment plan for lung cancer.