Uterine Cancer Awareness: Understanding Endometrial Cancer

Endometrial carcinoma is the most prevalent type of uterine cancer that occurs in the endometrium (the inner lining of the uterus). Given the increasing cases of this disease, it is significantly important to increase the knowledge and visibility of the disease, particularly the factors that cause it, its signs, how it is diagnosed, how it is treated, and how it can be prevented.

What is Endometrial Cancer?

Endometrial cancer is a type of cancer that forms in the endometrium (the layer of cells -lining the uterus. It is different from other types of uterine cancer including uterine sarcomas which occur in the muscle tissue (myometrium). Endometrial carcinoma is the most common type of endometrial cancer and it belongs to the adenocarcinomatous type originating from the glandular component of the endometrium.

Risk Factors

Several factors can increase the risk of developing endometrial cancer: Several factors can increase the risk of developing endometrial cancer:

Hormonal Imbalance – Estrogen without progesterone may overstimulate the endometrial tissue and thus increase the likelihood of cancer. Such imbalances can be caused by conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome, obesity, or certain types of hormone replacement therapies.
Age – The risk rises with age especially after menopause since hormonal changes may lead to endometrial changes.
Obesity – Obesity also leads to increased production of estrogen in fat tissue and increased estrogen levels stimulate the endometrium.
Family History – A family history of either endometrial or colorectal cancer may suggest a hereditary background, particularly Lynch syndrome.
Other Medical Conditions – Diabetes, high blood pressure, and a family history of breast or ovarian cancer also increase the likelihood.

Symptoms

The symptoms of endometrial cancer can be identified at an early stage and this can be of great benefit. Common symptoms include –

Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding – This is the most common symptom, particularly after a woman has passed through the menopausal stage in her life. Abnormal, irregular, spotting, or any type of discharge should be reported to a doctor.
Pelvic Pain – Abdominal pain or a lump in the pelvic region may be signs of the final stages of the disease.
Weight Loss – Weight loss in cancer patients may be seen at the later stage of the disease and the cause may not be easily identifiable.
Pain During Urination or Intercourse – He or she can also feel discomfort in these activities.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing endometrial cancer typically involves several steps –

Medical History and Physical Exam – Initial assessments include reviewing the patient’s medical history and conducting a physical exam, focusing on the pelvic region.
Ultrasound – A transvaginal ultrasound can help visualize the endometrium and detect abnormalities in its thickness or structure.
Biopsy – An endometrial biopsy, where a small tissue sample is taken from the lining of the uterus, is crucial for confirming the presence of cancer cells.
Hysteroscopy – This procedure involves inserting a thin, lighted tube through the cervix into the uterus to visually inspect the endometrium and obtain tissue samples.
Imaging Tests – MRI, CT scans, or PET scans may be used to determine the extent of the disease and whether it has spread.

Treatment Options

Treatment for endometrial cancer depends on the stage and grade of the tumor, as well as the patient’s overall health –

Surgery – The primary treatment often involves a hysterectomy, which is the surgical removal of the uterus. Depending on the cancer’s spread, this may also include removing the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and nearby lymph nodes.
Radiation Therapy – This can be used as an adjunct to surgery, especially in cases where the cancer has spread or there is a high risk of recurrence. It involves using high-energy radiation to destroy cancer cells.
Hormone Therapy – For cancers sensitive to hormones, treatments may involve medications that reduce estrogen levels or block its effects on the endometrial cells.
Chemotherapy – This involves the use of drugs to kill cancer cells and is typically used for advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer.
Targeted Therapy – Newer treatments target specific molecules involved in cancer growth and spread. These therapies are often used in combination with other treatments.

Prevention and Awareness

While not all cases of endometrial cancer can be prevented, certain measures can reduce risk –

Healthy Lifestyle – Maintaining a healthy weight through diet and exercise can lower the risk of hormonal imbalances and, consequently, endometrial cancer.
Manage Medical Conditions – Proper management of conditions like diabetes and hypertension can reduce associated risks.
Regular Check-Ups – Women especially those with risk factors should do regular gynecological exams and report any abnormal symptoms promptly.
Genetic Counseling – Women with a family history of endometrial or related cancers should consider genetic counseling to assess their risk and discuss preventive measures.

Conclusion

Endometrial cancer is a significant health concern that requires increased awareness and understanding. Recognizing the risk factors and symptoms, seeking timely diagnosis, and accessing appropriate treatment can greatly enhance outcomes. Emphasizing preventive measures and maintaining regular health check-ups are key strategies in combating this disease. By creating awareness and encouraging proactive healthcare, we can work towards reducing the impact of endometrial cancer on women’s lives.